Hone Papita Raukura " Ralph" Hotere (11 August 1931 – 24 February 2013)
In the 2012 New Year Honours, Hotere was appointed to the Order of New Zealand for services to New Zealand.[" New Year Honours 2012" (27 January 2012) 8 The New Zealand Gazette 215.]
Early history
Hotere was born in
Mitimiti, close to the
Hokianga Harbour in the
Northland Region, one of 15 children.
When Hotere was 9, his older brother Jack enlisted in the army. Jack was killed in action in Italy in 1943.
Hotere received his secondary education at Hato Petera College, Auckland, where he studied from 1946 to 1949. After early art training at the Auckland Teachers' Training College under the tutelage of J. D. Charlton Edgar,
In 1961 Hotere gained a New Zealand Art Societies Fellowship and travelled to England where he studied at the Central School of Art and Design in London. During 1962–1964 he studied in France and travelled around Europe, during which time he witnessed the development of the Pop Art and Op Art movements. His travels took him, among other places, to the war cemetery in Italy where his brother was buried. This event, and the politics of Europe during the 1960s, had a profound effect on Hotere's work, notably in the Sangro series of paintings.
Return to New Zealand
Hotere returned to New Zealand and exhibited in
Dunedin in 1965, and returned to the city in 1969 when he became the University of Otago's Frances Hodgkins Fellow. At about that time he began to introduce literary elements to his work. He worked with poets such as
Hone Tuwhare and
Bill Manhire to produce several strong paintings, and produced other works specifically for the New Zealand literary journal
Landfall. Hotere also worked in collaboration with other prominent artists, notably
Bill Culbert.
Hotere moved to Carey's Bay in
Port Chalmers in 1969, spending most of his life in the town.
(1997). 186953218X, Everbest Printing. 186953218X
From the 1970s onward, Hotere was noted for his use of unusual tools and materials in creating his work, notably the use of power tools on corrugated iron and steel within the context of two-dimensional art.
Black paintings
From 1968,
Hotere began the series of works with which he is perhaps best known, the
Black Paintings. In these works, black is used almost exclusively. In some works, strips of colour are placed against stark black backgrounds in a style reminiscent of
Barnett Newman. In other black paintings, stark simple crosses appear in the gloom, black on black. Though
minimalism, the works, as with those of most good abstractionists, have a redolent poetry of their own. The simple markings speak of transcendence, of religion, or peace.
Black Phoenix
The themes of the black paintings extended to later works, notably the colossal
Black Phoenix (1984–88), constructed out of the burnt remains of a fishing boat.
This major installation incorporates the prow of the boat flanked by burnt planks of wood. Other planks form a pathway leading the prow. Each plank has had a strip laid bare to reveal the natural wood underneath beneath. Several of the boards are inscribed with a traditional Māori proverb,
Ka hinga atu he tete-kura haramai he tete-kura ("As one fern frond (person) dies - one is born to take its place").
A slight change has been made in the wording of the proverb, replacing
haramai (transfer, pass over) to
ara mai (the path forward), possibly indicating the cleared pathway of bare wood in front of the boat's burnt prow. The work measures 5m by 13m by 5.5m.
Political art
Politics were entwined in the subject matter of Hotere's art from an early stage. Hotere's
Polaris series was a response to the 1984 threat of nuclear warheads due to the
Polaris programme.
When
Aramoana, a wetland near his Port Chalmers home, was proposed as the site for an aluminium smelter, Hotere was vocal in his opposition, and produced the
Aramoana series of paintings.
Similarly, he produced series protesting against a controversial
Rugby Union tour by New Zealand of
apartheid-era
South Africa (
Black Union Jack) in 1981, and the sinking of the
Greenpeace flagship
Rainbow Warrior (
Black rainbow) in 1985. Later, his reactions to Middle East politics resulted in works such as
Jerusalem, Jerusalem and
This might be a double cross jack.
Later life
In 1992, Hotere transformed the RKS Gallery in Wellington with an exhibition utilising kilometres of number 8 wire.
Hotere's work was slowed by a stroke in 2001, but he continued to create and exhibit regularly until his death in February 2013.
A documentary film of the artist's life and work, Hotere, was released by Paradise Films in 2001, in association with Creative New Zealand and the New Zealand Film Commission.
Selected works
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Still Life 1959 view
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Cruciform II from the Human Rights series 1964 view
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Red on White 1965 view
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Red on Black 1969 view
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Black Painting IIIa: From 'Malady', a poem by Bill Manhire 1970 view
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Black Window - Towards Aramoana 1981 view
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Untitled 1981 view
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Land of the Wrong White Crowd 1981 view
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Aramoana Nineteen Eighty Four 1984 view
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Blackwater 1998-1999 view
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Black Painting 1985-1986 view
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Dawn/Water Poem 1986 view
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Black Cerulean 1999 view
Personal life
Hotere was of Māori descent (Te Aupōuri and
Te Rarawa).
He married three times, with two of his wives also being artists. His second wife was artist and poet Cilla McQueen, whom he married in 1973, and with whom he moved to Careys Bay near Port Chalmers in 1974. The two separated amicably during the 1990s.[Cook, M. "Dunedin artists confirm February wedding," Otago Daily Times, 11 May 2002, p. 2]
Hotere died on 24 February 2013, aged 81 and was survived by his daughter Andrea, three mokopuna (grandchildren) and also his third wife Mary.
Hotere Garden Oputae
Hotere's former studio was on land at the tip of Observation Point, the large bluff overlooking the Port Chalmers container terminal. When the port's facilities were expanded, part of the bluff was removed, including the area of Hotere's studio (after strenuous objection from many of the town's residents). Part of the bluff close to the removed portion is now an award-winning sculpture garden, the
Hotere Garden Oputae, organised in 2005 by Hotere and featuring works by both him and by other noted New Zealand modern sculptors.
[" Design award for Hotere garden." Otago Daily Times, 20 August 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2012.] Other sculptors with work in the garden include
Russell Moses, Shona Rapira Davies, and
Chris Booth.
[Jeffery, Joshua, " Hotere Garden Oputae," Insiders Dunedin, 18 March 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2020.]
External links
